枯草芽孢杆菌α乙酰乳酸脱羧酶基因在啤酒酵母工业菌株中的表达

啤酒酿造中,双乙酰是影响啤酒生产熟化期长短及其风味的主要因素.存在于多种细菌中的a-乙酰乳酸脱羧酶(EC4.1.1.5,简称a-ALDC)[1]能将双乙酰的前体a-乙酰乳酸直接转化为对啤酒风味没有影响的乙偶姻,从而大大降低啤酒中双乙酰的含量,缩短啤酒熟化期.但所有的啤酒酵母菌不产生此酶.虽然在发酵过程中添加此酶是一个解决的途径,但解决问题的根本是将ALDC基因引入到啤酒酵母菌中.国外已开展这方面的研究[2,3],本研究组曾用随机克隆的方法获得了枯草芽孢杆菌a-ALDC基因[4],本文报道了枯草芽孢杆菌ALDC基因在工业用啤酒酵母中的表达研究结果.     

The Saccharomyces cerevisiae alcohol acetyl transferase gene ATF1 is a target of the cAMP/PKA and FGM nutrient-signalling pathways

The ATF1-encoded Saccharomyces cerevisiae yeast alcohol acetyl transferase I is responsible for the formation of several different volatile acetate esters during fermentations. A number of these volatile esters, e.g. ethyl acetate and isoamyl acetate, are amongst the most important aroma compounds in fermented beverages such as beer and wine. Manipulation of the expression levels of ATF1 in brewing yeast strains has a significant effect on the ester profile of beer. Northern blot analysis of ATF1 and its closely related homologue, Lg-ATF1, showed that these genes were rapidly induced by the addition of glucose to anaerobically grown carbon-starved cells. This induction was abolished in a protein kinase A (PKA)-attenuated strain, while a PKA-overactive strain showed stronger ATF1 expression, indicating that the Ras/cAMP/PKA signalling pathway is involved in this glucose induction. Furthermore, nitrogen was needed in the growth medium in order to maintain ATF1 expression. Long-term activation of ATF1 could also be obtained by the addition of the non-metabolisable amino acid homologue beta-L-alanine, showing that the effect of the nitrogen source did not depend on its metabolism. In addition to nutrient regulation, ATF1 and Lg-ATF1 expression levels were also affected by heat and ethanol stress. These findings help in the understanding of the effect of medium composition on volatile ester synthesis in industrial fermentations. In addition, the complex regulation provides new insights into the physiological role of Atf1p in yeast.     

Dependence of sulphate uptake by Anacystis nidulans on energy,on osmotic shock and on sulphate starvation

Effects of treatments with proteolytic enzymes and protein-modifying reagents on flocculation of brewer's yeast IFO 2018 were investigated. The floc-forming ability of the yeast cells was irreversibly eliminated by treatment with papain, trypsin, chymotrypsin or pepsin, indicating that certain proteins on the cell surface participate in the yeast flocculation. Chemical modification with reagents, known to act on disulfide bridges, carboxyl and/or phosphate groups, phenolic groups, amino groups, and imidazole groups, also destroyed the ability to flocculate, although in some cases a high concentration (8 M) of urea was necessary in addition to protein-modifying reagents. Thus, it is suggested strongly that these functional groups of amino acid residues of the proteins are essential for the floc-forming ability of brewer's yeast cells.Abbreviations Used CMA buffer 0.20 M Na-acetate buffer (pH 4.5) containing 0.009 M CaCl₂ and 0.004 M MgSO₄ - S.P. sedimentation percentage (see text) - SH sulfhydryl     

Influence of the toxic compounds present in brewer''s spent grain hemicellulosic hydrolysate on xylose-to-xylitol bioconversion by Candida guilliermondii

Fermentation media containing different concentrations of toxic compounds were prepared from brewer's spent grain (BSG) hemicellulosic hydrolysate, and used for xylose-to-xylitol bioconversion by Candida guilliermondii. Such fermentation media were composed of the hydrolysate in the following ways: raw (RH); concentrated four-fold (CH); concentrated and treated with activated charcoal (TCH); raw supplemented with sugars until a concentration four-fold higher (SRH); concentrated and subsequently diluted but supplemented with sugars until a concentration four-fold higher (SDCH). All media presented an initial xylose concentration of 85 g/l, except RH, which contained 23 g/l xylose. Fermentation results revealed that the sugars supplementation to raw hydrolysate favored the xylitol production. Nevertheless, xylitol production from CH was negatively affected due to the high concentration of toxic compounds present in the medium. The hydrolysate treatment with activated charcoal partially removed the toxic compounds, and the xylitol production was higher than in CH, but not so efficient as in SRH. It was thus concluded that to obtain an efficient xylose-to-xylitol bioconversion from BSG hydrolysate, the sugars concentration must be increased, but the toxic compounds concentration must be reduced to the same level present in the raw hydrolysate.     

纤维素酶水解啤酒糟的研究

研究了纤维素酶水解啤酒糟的适宜条件以及底物预处理方法对纤维素转化率和多糖水解率的影响。在适宜条件下,100g干啤酒糟可水解得10．8g还原糖。酶解液用于培养酵母菌提取麦角固醇,残渣是生产含菌体蛋白饲料的原料。     

Sugar utilization by yeast during fermentation

Summary When glucose and fructose are fermented separately, the uptake profiles indicate that both sugars are utilized at similar rates. However, when fermentations are conducted in media containing an equal concentration of glucose and fructose, glucose is utilized at approximately twice the rate of fructose. The preferential uptake of glucose also occurred when sucrose, which was first rapidly hydrolyzed into glucose and fructose by the action of the enzyme invertase, was employed as a substrate. Similar results were observed in the fermentation of brewer's wort and wort containing 30% sucrose and 30% glucose as adjuncts. In addition, the high levels of glucose in the wort exerted severe catabolite repression on maltose utilization in theSaccharmyces uvarum (carlsbergensis) brewing strain. Kinetic analysis of glucose and fructose uptake inSaccharomyces cerevisiae revealed aK _m of 1.6 mM for glucose and 20 mM for fructose. Thus, the yeast strain has a higher affinity for glucose than fructose. Growth on glucose or fructose had no repressible effect on the uptake of either sugar. In addition, glucose inhibited fructose uptake by 60% and likewise fructose inhibited, glucose uptake by 40%. These results indicate that glucose and fructose share the same membrane transport components.